Long Term Objectives of Apple free essay sample

Client Related targets †¢Launch new imaginative items to keep the dependable clients flawless, form new client base and increase upper hand over the contenders. †¢Develop vital way to deal with develop piece of the pie in developing markets like India. In India apple I telephone is as yet positioned after android upheld telephones. Interior Business Processes destinations †¢Develop moral providers for its items: Unlike Foxconn (the current provider of I telephone), which ordinarily endures with work turmoil because of sick and unscrupulous working conditions.In since quite a while ago run Apple should target supplanting Foxconn with a superior and moral provider in light of the fact that having related with such provider can discolor the picture of Apple and can impart wrong signs to investors and partners. †¢Develop Research and Development office to distinguish future item advancement and improvement openings. Learning Growth (Employees) targets †¢Reduce representative pace of whittling down at center to top administration level to the business normal of 15%: Talent maintenance is a most significant activity in the quic k moving innovation industry where consistently there is new organization being shaped and sold for billions USD. We will compose a custom article test on Long haul Objectives of Apple or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The accomplishment for any organization exists in the ability of human asset it has. Along these lines, it essential to hold the abilities at center to top level administration which are associated with key dynamic and secret item research. †¢Employees on or more center level administration having over five years of business (with 4 star execution rating) at Apple PCs to be unshakably sent to top positioned graduate schools to consider law and afterward fill in as patent lawyer (with pay climb and other impetus) at Apple to battle against different patent issues emerging (Samsung being the most recent).

Tax and Research free essay sample

Research and Planning Midterm Chapter 1 20. Talk about what is implied by the term â€Å"double taxation† of organizations. Build up a case of twofold tax assessment utilizing a partnership and investor. The term â€Å"double taxation† alludes to the burdening of a similar pay twice. This sort of tax collection commonly results from a C enterprise paying expense on its available pay and investors delivering personal assessment on any profits got from the C Corporation. The effect of twofold tax collection from C enterprises has been significantly decreased by the way that since 2003, profits are charged at a greatest pace of 15%. The most notable case of twofold tax assessment in the U. S. is the personal assessment collected once on corporate salary and afterward again when benefits are circulated as profits to investors. 21. Constrained risk organizations (LLCs) are well known today as a type of association. Accept a customer requests that you clarify what this sort of association is about. We will compose a custom exposition test on Expense and Research or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Set up a concise depiction of the government personal assessment parts of LLCs. A Limited Liability Company or LLC is an authoritative document of business association with every day exercises like an organization however with constrained risk like a partnership. A LLC is framed in the state in which it works. A LLC is framed by documenting Articles of Organization with the state in which you will work together. Constrained risk organizations (LLCs) are for the most part burdened as associations. Along these lines, the LLC isn't dependent upon personal assessment on its available salary however such pay is distributed to the individuals (proprietors) of the LLC.. 23. Organizations and S partnerships are move through elements. Regarding recording yearly assessment forms, these elements must incorporate Form K-1 in the profits. What is Form K-1, what is its motivation, and who gets the structure? Structure K-1 is a vital piece of the yearly organization assessment form. It reports a partner’s allocable portion of association conventional pay and independently expressed things, for example, profits, long haul capital additions, and so forth. The K-1 is set up for each accomplice in the association and is loaded up with Form 1065(annual Partnership expense form). On the off chance that an organization has ten accomplices, there will be a K-1 for each. A duplicate of each partner’s K-1 is given to them with the goal that they can report the data on their own expense forms. Section 2 4. Rundown the conditions that must be met so as to guarantee a reliance exception for qualifying youngsters and family members. Quickly clarify every one. (1) Identification number-all wards must have government disability numbers provided details regarding the taxpayer’s return, (2) Citizenship wards must meet a citizenship test(dependents must be U. S. residents or nationals, or inhabitants of the U. S. , Canada, or Mexico for some piece of the year), (3) Married wards can't regularly document a joint return however they are qualified for the exclusion on the off chance that they record exclusively to guarantee a discount of assessment retained , and (4) No ward †wards who document an expense form can't guarantee individual or reliance exceptions on their profits. Extra prerequisites for Qualifying kids are (1) Relationship test †qualified kids must be the taxpayer’s kid (counting normal, embraced, encourage, and stepchildren) or kin (counting half-kin and step-kin), (2) Age test †a passing youngster must be under 19, a full-time understudy under 24, or for all time and completely debilitated, (3) Abode test †a passing kid must have a similar head house as the citizen for the greater part of the year, and (4) Support test †a passing kid may not act naturally supporting for more than one-portion of their own help during the year. Prerequisites for Other wards †(1) Relationship test â€other family members must be identified with the citizen or dwell in the taxpayer’s family for the whole year, (2) Gross salary test †the ward must have net pay not exactly the measure of the individual exception, and (3) Support test †The ward must get more than one-portion of their help from the citizen. 6. Under what conditions should a citizen utilize a rate plan rather than an assessment table? A citizen will utilize a rate plan rather than a duty table if available salary surpasses the most extreme in the assessment table (as of now $100,000) or if the taxpayerâ is utilizing a unique expense calculation technique, for example, shortyear calculation. 17. Clarify what is implied by the expression look after family unit. The expression keep up a family unit intends to pay more than one-portion of the expenses of the family unit. These expenses incorporate property charges, contract intrigue, lease, ut ility charges, upkeep and fixes, property protection and food devoured on the premises. Such expenses do exclude garments, training, clinical treatment, excursions, disaster protection and transportation. Section 3 6. A landowner who gets prepaid lease is required to report that sum as gross pay when the installment is gotten. For what reason would Congress decide to do this? What issue does this make for the citizen? Congress charges prepaid rental salary in view of worry that citizens may some way or another go through the cash and afterward be not able to pay the duty when it comes due. Burdening such sums is to burden pay when citizens have the best fortitude to pay. The issue made for the citizen is that they are burdened before they bring about related costs. Fixes, protection, deterioration, premium and different costs are brought about as the salary is earned. Subsequently, there is a crisscrossing of income and cost. 7. Office space is regularly without cover, divider covering, or window covering. Besides, numerous tenant contracts indicate that these enhancements can't be evacuated by an inhabitant if expulsion makes any harm the property. What issue does this raise? The issue raised by such plans may make the IRS question whether the upgrades are being made in lieu of lease. In the event that this was the situation, at that point the proprietor of the property might be required to remember the estimation of the enhancements for net pay. Part 4 7. What is the duty noteworthiness of the face measure of an extra security arrangement? The face measure of extra security is avoided from the gross pay of a recipient if the sum is paid upon the demise of the safeguarded. On the off chance that the sum paid surpasses the essence of the approach, at that point the abundance is available. 21. What kinds of salary fit the bill for the remote earned pay prohibition? The prohibition is relevant to profit from individual administrations rendered in remote nations. To fit the bill for the outside earned pay rejection, a citizen should either be a real occupant of at least one remote nations for the whole available year or be available in at least one outside nations for at least 330 days during a time of 12 back to back months. Section 5 1. What issue may exist in deciding the sum acknowledged for a speculator who trades? regular supply of traded on an open market enterprise for a pre-owned structure? How is the issue liable to be settled? It will most likely be hard to decide the honest assessment of the pre-owned structure got by the financial specialist. The issue is probably going to be settled by utilizing the FMV of the property given to gauge the sum figured it out. 15. Four years back, Susan advanced $7,000to her companion Joe. During the present year, the $7,000 advance is viewed as useless. Clarify how Susan should treat the useless obligation for charge purposes. The obligation is a non-business terrible obligation and the misfortune ought to be treated as a momentary capital misfortune. Part 6 For what reason is the qualification between findings for AGI and the reasonings from AGI significant for people? Reasonings for AGI decrease the citizens net salary by everything of the derivation regardless of whether the standard finding is utilized. Conclusions from AGI are not advantageous except if their aggregate surpasses the standard derivation, wherein case these reasonings will be incorporated as organized findings. 2. Sam claims a little house that he leases to understudies going to the neighborhood college. Are the costs related with the rental unit derivations for or from AGI? Costs brought about in delivering rental salary are derivations for AGI. Part 7 1. a. For what people may a citizen deduct clinical costs? A citizen may deduct clinical costs brought about for himself, their life partner, their wards, and their kids. The citizen may likewise deduct clinical costs paid for a person who might somehow or another qualify as a ward with the exception of the way that the gross pay test isn't met, despite the fact that the citizen may not take an exclusion for the person. b. On account of offspring of separated from guardians, should the parent who is qualified for the reliance exclusion pays the clinical costs of the youngster to guarantee that the costs are deductible? Clarify. No, the clinical costs brought about by the separated from guardians of a youngster are deductible by whichever parent causes the costs, despite the fact that the parent bringing about the costs isn't qualified for the reliance exclusion for the kid. c. Who should pay the clinical costs of a person who is the subject of a different help understanding? The citizen who is the subject of a numerous help understanding is treated as the ward of the citizen who is qualified for take the reliance exception. Since a citizen may deduct clinical costs subject to the 7. 5% of AGI limit caused for a ward, the citizen qualified for the reliance exception under the numerous help understanding ought to be the person who pays the clinical costs. 12. What is an advertisement valorem charge? On the off chance that an assessment that is imposed on close to home property isn't a promotion valorem charge, under what conditions may it despite everything be deductible? An advertisement valorem charge is an expense controlled by the estimation of the property being burdened instead of some different meas

Tuesday is the new black.

Tuesday is the new black. DID YOU KNOW? After failing to acquire MIT no less than 3 times in the early 20th century, Harvard used a substantial grant from George F. Baker to establish a school for engineering in Cambridge. This college is now known as Harvard Business School. Today is a virtual Monday at MIT. Unlike most colleges, we get Presidents day off despite the fact that it sometimes occurs a mere nine days into term. However, since we get so many Mondays off during the spring semester, today we are actually following a Monday schedule even though its Tuesday. Just think of how fascinating an entry this is going to make! Well, it turns out that MIT is such an important institution in the scientific community, the global society, and the fabric of reality, that if it changes its schedule for even one day without telling people, things all over the world start to unravel. Three totally crazy things happened yesterday, and I totally blame/credit this whole Tuesday is the new black with the generally bizarre happenings yesterday in this ever changing world in which we livin. Thing One Lawrence H. Intrinsic Aptitude Summers 75, President of Harvard, resigned! This was so important that I had to wake Mitra up from her nap to tell her. Now, I like to keep this blog pretty much politically neutral on all issues except one, but Id still like to paraphrase a particularly excellent quote from VooDoo, MITs only intentionally humorous campus publication. Opposite [President Hockfield] stands the scholar, Senior Haus alumnus Larry Summers, who is living the MIT dream and running Harvard into the ground Thing Two Caroline, my friend from marching band, and one of like the five coolest people on campus, moved up to the top two or three when she showed me this birthday card that she has signed by JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER! Have you read Everything is Illuminated? If not, stop reading my stupid piece of horse dung blog and run out and buy it. Seriously. Its totally the most fantastic and ethereal book that Ive ever read in my admittedly short life. Hush, and then: the curtains of clouds parting, the hands of thunder clapping. The universe poured down in a divine onslaught of bombing vomit. Anyway, the story goes that one day last year in Maryland where Caroline lives, Jonathan Safran Foer came down to do a signing of his second, vastly inferior novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. Caroline was totally unable to go for some reason such as sickness or being at MIT or something, so her parents went to it. Realizing that it was Carolines birthday that very week, they bought a Hidden passions of chocolate card from the nearby gift shop and took it to Jonathan to sign. A week later they sent the card to her, and a few days later they told her exactly who signed it because, you know, its not totally obvious. (Sams Mom is writing this down.) Thing Three So I was super-tooling for 10.37: Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design and I cracked open this text for the first time to look up some fugacity equilibrium relations. I really didnt expect to find this on page 1040. So here, right after a problem on methanol synthesis, I had the privelege of discovering author H. Scott Foglers recipe for Cajun Seafood Gumbo. Apparently the recipe (including time of roux baking and onion sauteing) is provided as an example of a batch process problemgiven this set of cooking parameters and feed ingredients, what is the best way of making a reactor for synthesizing, canning, and exporting H. Scott Foglers seafood gumbo? Mens et manus? Et gumbo, Brute.

Fraud Definition and Examples

Fraud is a broad legal term referring to  dishonest acts that intentionally use deception to illegally deprive another person or entity of money, property, or legal rights. Unlike the crime of theft, which involves the taking of something of value through force or stealth, fraud relies on the use of intentional misrepresentation of fact to accomplish the taking. Fraud: Key Takeaways Fraud is the intentional use of false or misleading information in an attempt to illegally deprive another person or entity of money, property, or legal rights.In order to constitute fraud, the party making the false statement must know or believe that it is untrue or incorrect and intended to deceive the other party.Fraud may be prosecuted as both a criminal and civil offense.Criminal punishments for fraud can include a combination of prison, fines, and restitution to victims. In proven cases of fraud, the perpetrator—a person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act—may be found to have committed either a  criminal offense  or a  civil wrong. In committing fraud, perpetrators may be seeking either monetary or non-monetary assets by deliberately making false statements. For example, knowingly lying about one’s age to obtain a drivers license, criminal history to get a job, or income to get a loan may be fraudulent acts. A fraudulent act should not be confused with a â€Å"hoax†Ã¢â‚¬â€a deliberate deception or false statement made without any intention of gain or of materially damaging another person. Perpetrators of criminal fraud may be punished by fines and/or imprisonment. Victims of civil fraud may file lawsuits against the perpetrator seeking monetary compensation. To win a lawsuit claiming civil fraud, the victim must have suffered actual damages. In other words, the fraud must have been successful. Criminal fraud, on the other hand, can be prosecuted even if the fraud failed. In addition, a single fraudulent act may be prosecuted as both a criminal and civil offense. Thus, a person convicted of fraud in criminal court may also be sued in civil court by the victim or victims. Fraud is a serious legal matter. Persons who believe they have been the victim of fraud, or have been accused of committing fraud, should always seek the expertise of a qualified attorney. Necessary Elements of Fraud While the specifics of laws against fraud vary from state to state and at the federal level, there are five essential elements necessary  to prove in court that a crime of fraud has been committed: A misrepresentation of a material fact:  A false statement involving a material and pertinent fact must be made. The gravity of the false statement should be adequate to substantially affect the victim’s decisions and actions. For example, the false statement contributes to a person’s decision to purchase a product or approve a loan.Knowledge of falsehood:  The party making the false statement must know or believe that it is untrue or incorrect.Intent to deceive:  The false statement must have been made expressly with the intent of deceiving and influencing the victim.Reasonable reliance by the victim:  The level to which the victim relies on the false statement must be reasonable in the eyes of the court. Reliance on rhetorical, outrageous, or clearly impossible statements or claims may not amount to â€Å"reasonable† reliance. However, persons known to be illiterate, incompetent, or otherwise mentally diminished may be awarded civil damages if the perpe trator knowingly took advantage of their condition.Actual loss or injury suffered:  The victim suffered some actual loss as a direct result of their dependence on the false statement. Statements of Opinion vs. Outright Lies Not all false statements are legally fraudulent. Statements of opinion or belief, since they are not statements of fact, may not constitute fraud. For example, a salesman’s statement, â€Å"Madam, this is the best television set on the market today,† while possibly untrue, is an unsubstantiated statement of opinion rather than fact, which a â€Å"reasonable† shopper might be expected to disregard as mere sales  hyperbole. Common Types Fraud comes in many forms from many sources. Popularly known as â€Å"scams,† fraudulent offers may be made personally or arrive through regular mail, email,  text messages,  telemarketing, and the internet. One of the most common types of fraud is  check fraud, the use of paper checks to commit fraud.   One of the main goals of check fraud is  identity theft—the gathering and use of personal financial information for illegal purposes. From the front of every check written, the identity thief can get the victim’s: name, address, phone number, bank name, bank routing number, bank account number, and signature. In addition, the store may add more personal information, such as date of birth and driver’s license number. This is why identity theft prevention experts recommend against using paper checks whenever possible. Common varieties of check fraud include: Check theft:  Stealing checks for fraudulent purposes.Check forgery:  Signing a check using the actual drawer’s signature without their authorization or endorsing a check not payable to the endorser, both usually done using stolen checks. Counterfeit checks are considered the equivalent of forged checks.Check kiting:  Writing a check with the intent of accessing funds that have not yet been deposited in the checking account. Also referred to as â€Å"floating† a check, kiting is the misuse of checks as a form of unauthorized credit.Paper hanging:  Writing checks on accounts that are known by the perpetrator to have been closed.Check washing:  Chemically erasing the signature or other handwritten details from checks to allow them to be rewritten.Check counterfeiting: Illegally printing checks using information from the victim’s account. According to the  U.S. Federal Reserve, American consumers and businesses wrote 17.3 billion paper checks in 2015, four times the number written in all of the  countries of the European Union  combined that year. Despite the trend toward debit, credit, and electronic payment methods, paper checks remain the most often-used way of making large payments for expenses like rent and payroll. Clearly, there is still plenty of opportunity and temptation to commit check fraud. Federal Fraud Through the  United States attorneys, the  federal government  prosecutes and punishes various types of fraud specifically identified under federal statutes. While the following list includes the most common of these, there is a wide range of federal, as well as state, fraud crimes. Mail fraud and wire fraud:  Using regular mail, or any form of wired communications technology, including telephones and the internet as part of any fraudulent scheme. Mail and wire fraud are often added as charges filed in other related crimes. For example, since the mail or telephone are typically used in attempting to arrange bribes of judges or other government officials, federal prosecutors may add charges of wire or mail fraud in addition to charges of bribery and corruption. Similarly, wire or mail fraud charges are often applied in the prosecution of  racketeering and RICO Act  violations.Tax fraud:  Takes place whenever a taxpayer attempts to avoid or evade paying federal income taxes. Examples of tax fraud include knowingly underreporting taxable income, overestimating business deductions, and simply not filing a tax return.Stock and securities fraud:  Typically involves the selling of stocks, commodities, and other securities through deceptive practices. Examples of securities fraud include  Ponzi or pyramid schemes, broker embezzlement, and foreign currency fraud. The fraud usually occurs when stockbrokers or investment banks convince people to make investments based on false or exaggerated information, or on â€Å"insider  trading† information not available to the public.Medicare and Medicaid fraud:  Usually takes place when hospitals, health care companies, or individual health care providers try to collect illegitimate repayments from the government by overbilling for services, or by performing unnecessary tests or medical procedures. Penalties Potential penalties for conviction of federal fraud typically involve prison or  probation, stiff fines, and repayment of fraudulently-acquired gains. Prison sentences can range from six months to 30 years for each separate violation. Fines for federal fraud can be very large. Convictions for  mail or wire fraud can bring fines of up to $250,000 for each violation. Frauds that harm large groups of victims or involve large sums of money can result in fines of tens of millions of dollars or more. For example, in July 2012, drugmaker Glaxo-Smith-Kline pleaded guilty to falsely branding its drug Paxil as being effective in treating depression in patients under age 18. As part of its settlement, Glaxo agreed to pay $3 billion to the government in one of  the largest health-care fraud settlements in U.S. history. Recognizing Fraud in Time The warning signs of fraud vary according to the type being attempted. For example, telemarketing calls from unknown callers telling you to â€Å"send money now† to take advantage of a special offer or claim a prize may be frauds. Similarly, random requests or demands for a Social Security or bank account number, mother’s maiden name, or a list of known addresses are often signs of identity theft. In general, most offers from companies or individuals that sound â€Å"too good to be true† are signs of fraud. Sources .Legal Dictionary: fraud  Law.com..Basic Legal Concepts / Fraud  Journal of AccountancyFraud—Burden of Proof: Washington Civil Jury Instructions.† Westlaw

Dante and Christian beliefs of the afterlife - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1972 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Dante's Inferno Essay Did you like this example? Inferno is the first part of Dante Alighieris poem, Divine Comedy, which tells of a journey of Dante through hell, purgatory, and heaven guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. Inferno is about the experiences Dante faced on his journey of the soul towards God as he travels the nine circles of hell to reach heaven. In the poem, hell is depicted as the realm for those who have disobeyed the spiritual values for cruel and violent actions against fellow human beings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dante and Christian beliefs of the afterlife" essay for you Create order Through punishments, the poem serves an allegorical purpose and depicts how one suffers from committing such sins to redemption and eventually salvation. Allegory poems depict both the literal and symbolic meaning. Dante uses allegory in the poem and describes his struggles through the dark forest to salvation, and uses poetic justice in the form of contemporary, historical and mythological figures. The allegory used in the poem depicts the struggles a man goes through in his journey for redemption through Purgatorio and eventually to salvation through Paradiso. In Canto I, there are various Christian beliefs that demonstrate the consequences the humankind faces after committing sin. Dante describes how he finds himself confused in a dark forest as a result of his sins. The poem reads in the midway of this our mortal life; I found me in a gloomy wood, astray/Gone from the path direct. Dante was 35 years old when he wrote this poem, and he illustrates this by saying that midway through his life because most readings of the book of Psalms depict the life span of human kind to be 70 years old. He finds himself in a dark forest because he has gone astray from salvation and this is the punishment for doing so. The poem does not illustrate whether the forest is real or just another example of the allegorical and symbolic forest. Dante illustrates how confused he is because he has strayed from the right path of life and now the punishment is so harsh on him, that forest, how robust and rough its growth/ which to remember only my dismay/ renews, in bitterness not far from death. He regrets the life he has been living and now seeks redemption. Hope and faith are restored on him when he sees a mountain with light shining above it and hopes he can climb the mountain for redemption; he states in the poem that, I looked up and saw its shoulders brightened with the rays of that sun that leads men rightly on every road. However, as he tries to climb the mountain, he first sees a leopard leaping in front of him, but determined to climb the mountain, he continues trying, and then sees a lion coming on his path followed by a wolf, and, behold, almost at the start of the slope, a light, swift leopard with spotted coat. It would not turn from before my face, and so obstructed my path, that I often turned, in order to return. The three animals represent the three sins of violence and animosity, lack of self-control and finally, fraud and malice. These three animals make him turn around to the dark forest and stops climbing the mountain. Dante is saved by the Roman poet Virgil from this misery. In Canto II, Dante meets Virgil after losing hope and hopes that he will be his savior in his journey, and he states, Have pity on me, whoever you are, whether a man, in truth, or a shadow. Virgil explains how he has been sent by Beatrice, the girl that Dante loves and deems to be an angel from heaven, who represents divine love to come rescue him. Symbols of compassion (Virgin Mary), grace (Saint Lucia) and contemplative life (Rachel) are depicted in this Canto. Dante follows Virgil in the journey to the underworld. In Canto III, Dante passes through the gates of hell with a phrase that implies all hope should be abandoned forsake all hope, all you that enter here. Here, Dante meets the souls of those who never took sides in life but were only concerned with themselves. They are continually stung by wasps and hornets, and this symbolizes the sting of their guilty conscience from their sin. These people live miserable lives as they are cast out by Heaven and denied entry by Hell and Dante asks, Master, what is this I hear, and what race are these, that seem so overcome by suffering?. Dante and Virgil then meet Charon, the Hells boatman who transports the dead into the underworld, and is very hesitant to take the living into the underworld, Woe to you, wicked spirits! Never hope to see heaven: I come to carry you to the other shore, into eternal darkness, into fire and ice. And you, who are there, a living spirit, depart from those who are dead. Virgil guides Dante through the nine circles of Hell. The circles represent the wickedness of human beings on earth and how Satan is forever held in bondage of suffering. The sinners for each circle face punishments for their crime in what he refers to as poetic justice. The first circle is the limbo where Virgil resides and represents the people who are unbaptized and do not recognize the existence of Christ. These people represent that group that did not sin but rather refused the existence of Christ, they are the non-Christians adults and the unbaptized babies, they had no sin, yet, though they have worth, it is not sufficient, because they were not baptized, and baptism is the gateway to the faith that you believe in. They are punished by living in a deficient form of heaven for their ignorance of God, however, just like Noah, Moses, Abraham, David among others was saved from the limbo, they too can be saved. The second circle is the circle of lust, where those who are overcome by lust and sexual love are punished by the violent hellish storm that never stops. Lust in this circle led to the sins of adultery, and for cases such as Dido and Cleopatra, it led to a violent death. The third circle represents those who are swayed by voracious appetite and commit the crime of gluttony. They are punished by the constant icy rain which makes them grovel in the mad. The fourth circle represents the greedy people in society who are swayed by the material greed. They are punished by jousting heavy weights in their chests. Dante in his poem illustrates that, here, too, I saw a nation of lost souls/ far more than were above: they strained their chests against enormous weights, and with mad howls rolled them at one another. The fifth circle depicts the wrath faced by the wrathful and the sullen. The wrathful are forced to fight each eternally on the surface of the river while the sullen lay is gurgling under the river. Here, the poem allegorically reveals the punishment for sins that neither philosophy nor the nature of human kind can understand and it states in part, Now, son, see the souls of those overcome by anger, and also, I want you to know, in truth, there are people under the water, who sigh, and make it bubble on the surface, as your eye can see whichever way it turns. The sixth circle is for the heretics who claim that the soul died with the body and failed to believe in God and the afterlife and they are punished in the flaming tombs. They are locked in the burning tombs since they did not believe in Hell. The seventh circle is for violence, O blind desires, evil and foolish, which so goad us in our brief life, and then, in the eternal one, ruin us so bitterly, and it is divided into three sections. First, violence against neighbors that includes the war makers, murders and the tyrants and are punished by being immersed in a river of boiling blood and fire symbolizing the blood they took from their neighbors. The second section of this circle is the violence against self which includes people who committed suicide or even attempted to commit suicide, and they are punished by transforming their souls into gnarled thorny trees fed by birds or the Harpies that have women faces. The last section is for violence against God, art, and nature and includes the blasphemous and the sodomites where they are punished by the burning sand and hot flames falling from the sky. This symbolizes how those who go against the will of God never find peace and live in a very uncomfortable life. The eighth circle is that which punishes those who committed fraud and Dante describes it as the place in Hell. They include the flatterers, simonists, seducers, sorcerers corrupt politicians thieves, hypocrites, counselors of fraud, falsifiers among others and each of them were severely punished. Panderers and seducers are forced to march eternally in opposite directions just as they used seduction to force others to incline to their will. Flatterers who used their language to commit fraud are plunged in excrement, and he quotes one them saying, the flatteries, of which my tongue never wearied, have brought me down to this. Simonists represent the group that bribed for power in the Catholic Churches and are punished by being placed upside down in holes. The sorcerers and false prophets have their heads twisted so that they cannot see what is in front of them because of their false prophecies of the future. The corrupt politicians were placed in sticky pitches that represented their dirty and corrupt deals. The thieves are constantly attacked by lizards and snakes, and their human identity keeps undergoing various transformations and always subject to theft. The sowers of discord have their bodies torn apart as they divided people by their division among people while the fraudulent councilors are entrenched in their individual pyres. The falsifiers who consist of the impersonators and counterfeiters have their bodies and minds rotting in diseases. The last circle represents those who were punished for treachery. From the first circle Limbo to the last circle treachery, Dante documents the punishments of sinners from all walks of life, either as people in authority such as politicians to the very low class in society. These circles represent the seven deadly sins committed by human kind. The punishment depicted in these circles fits the sins committed, and the poem illustrates the realm of Satan and the Christian perception of sin. Through the use of allegory, contemporary, historical and mythological figures and poetic justice, Dante impacts hugely on the Christian beliefs of the afterlife and the live in hell. Through imagery of the poem, Dante depicts a very horrifying life one has to face for living a sinful life. The use of the first person narrator in the Inferno helps the reader associate with the struggles of a man in his journey for salvation and how it feels to go through the midlife crisis. Dantes Inferno also shows how the society views Satan as being inferior to God and how the decisions we make in life determine our fate in the afterlife, for instance, repentance and acknowledgement of God by following His will will guarantee us salvation in the afterlife while the sinful life we lead will lead us straight to the wrath of hell. Dante also goes into detail by differentiating the levels of sin by illustrating the different types of punishment described in each circle for the different sins committed . The poem describes the fundamental religious beliefs the society today deals with and the concept of punishment. Hope for salvation is displayed by the fact that Dante sees the light at the end of his journey and understands his own heart and what it takes to be saved from the sinful life.

Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern Free Essays

Baseball and boxing make up a very large portion of the American sports culture, and for more than 100 years have developed into the professional, nationwide and international games that we can see on television today. In the 1870’s baseball started to be acknowledged as America’s national sport, however boxing enjoyed a similar popularity and both of these sports have changed from small-time amateur pastimes into televised, professional league sports that bring in millions of dollars each year and pay their athletes considerable amounts of money to keep on playing. While both baseball and boxing may now, and always have, attracted a different sort of crowd, they have both nevertheless developed along very similar lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings were formed; the team was the very first professional baseball team and it went undefeated that first year after being challenged by many amateur teams (Goldstein, 1989, p. 70). Over the subsequent years (more than a century) since the inception of the National League and the American League, two factors of the game have changed significantly: the integration of ethnic minorities into the major Leagues and the fact the game itself has become less violent than it was in its earlier years. In the 1890’s, the segregation of black and white baseball teams began, following an initial period of integration that was very short-lived (White, 1995, p. 140). The Negro Leagues incorporated several different non-white leagues into one general ‘outsider’ structure of teams that were comprised predominantly of black players. Other ethnic minorities would have been relegated to these leagues instead of joining the National or American Leagues, which were solely comprised of white, male players. In 1945, after a huge push from many people within professional baseball that echoed the sentiments of an anti-racist American population, black baseball player Jackie Robinson was signed to the Montreal Royals and in a few short years the Negro Leagues would disband due to full integration. The early baseball players were not only taking part in a segregationist sport, they were also playing the game with much more violence than they are today. They tried harder to steal bases and to score runs than experts feel today’s players do; where once it was not uncommon for runners to physically interject when the basemen tried to catch a throw, now base runners will simply run to their base and let the field and basemen do their jobs. It is fair to say that the game has mellowed. Boxing has exhibited great similarity to the development of baseball in America, albeit an entirely different sport. Where baseball is a team game dependent on specific rules of play, boxing emerged as a sport totally dependent on the strength and will of one man to simply overpower another in a direct fist-fight. Bare-knuckle boxing is the ancestor of today’s boxing, a sport that is blatantly violent however in comparison to some of the fights that took place in the 19th century. Boxing in its infancy was carried to America by British settlers and has forever secured a place in the hearts of many sport enthusiasts in modern day. This is another sport that has become decidedly less violent and which has also seen its participators overcome the segregation that was rampant in early American society (Gorn, 1986, p. 128). In place of very strict guidelines where whites and blacks must not engage each other in sport, like in the baseball leagues, it was more common for mixed fighting to occur in boxing. The crowds could be massive at any event, and often the pitting of a white champion against a black one would draw even more attention to the point where thousands of would-be spectators were turned away. This was a sport in which black athletes could really carve a niche for themselves and, while constantly facing discrimination like any other minority at the time, a boxer could literally fight his way out of racial oppression. Bare-knuckle boxing is not extinct, however professional boxers are required to wear gloves that will not only protect their hands but their opponents as well. The sport is not as bloody and less of its participants will leave the ring with broken bones, however there can be no doubt that boxing is still a very primal, violent sport. Superficially speaking, it bears no resemblance to baseball, however these are two American sports that have evolved with a change in racial tensions and equality issues and with modern concerns over health and safety. Both have tamed considerably and allow minorities to play professionally. Reference List Goldstein, W. J. (1989). Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball. New York: Cornell University. Gorn, E. J. (1986). The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America. New York: Cornell University. White, S. and Malloy, J. (compiler) (1995). Sol White’s History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886 How to cite Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern, Papers

Brutal Attacks free essay sample

As I walked into the familiar classroom, the glares of the middle school girls directed me to the empty seat on the opposite side of the room. As they grouped around and whispered, the occasional scowls stabbed me in the back. As one of the messengers from the posse approached me, she explained that Haley, the ringleader, was going to beat me up after school. In disbelief, I laughed, wondering how the nonathletic girl planned to ever get close to me. Ignoring the gossip, I proceeded with my classwork but throughout the rest of the day, the consistent reports from others of the plan to â€Å"punch the ugliness† out of me started to sink in. In a panic, I ran to the bathroom and called my mom to come pick me up. Subsequently, the explanation of my desperate phone call led my mom to report the incident to the principal. Returning to school the next day to face Haley was more challenging than words can explain. We will write a custom essay sample on Brutal Attacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the principal called Haley and me into the office, it was her story against my story with no evidence to prove anything. She denied every accusation of the threat, and her brainwashed clique members also rejected my claims. The meeting ended with Haley hugging me in an effort to defend her reputation to the principal. Throughout middle school, the two-faced characteristic of Haley controlled and manipulated my friendships. The inconsistent and unreliable girls of the school resulted in my complete independence. Although I yearned for a best friend to hangout with, Haley’s malicious attacks kept others from ever wanting to befriend me. I was alone and therefore focused on schoolwork and studied the traits of a good friend. Although Haley’s impact on my life negatively affected me, the experience of mean girls developed my understanding of the powerful influence that words have on others. When I switched schools before my eighth grade year, I left the trouble of Haley and strived to be the most uplifting and encouraging friend to everyone. Her vicious words and actions gave me the experience to aspire to never cause anyone that pain. Haley’s influence on my life is an important reminder for the manner in which I aspire to treat others.

Rabaul Essay Response

Rabaul Essay Response Rabaul Essay Response ESSAY RESPONSE TO PRACTICE ESSAY Like many places of human settlement, the site of Rabaul (see Fig. 4) is subject to volcanic hazard. This hazard, a consequence of plate subduction processes involving the Pacific and Australian Plate (see Fig. 8) have been responsible for developing the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The area has a geological history of violent eruptions where Simpson Harbour itself is an explosion crater, or caldera (see Fig. 3) and 500 people died in the 1937 eruption. As a consequence of vulcanism, humans benefit from the provision of a safe harbour as well as the potential for fertile soils to develop for farming. Whilst there are benefits gained from the volcanic activity on Rabaul, activity on the 20th September 1994 (see Fig. 10) resulted in significant social, economic and environmental upheaval. Currently, both Tavurvur and Vulcan are active and producing ash to a depth of 75 metres over the township. Appropriate mitigation by authorities must ensure that potentially dangerous hazards to people are avoided. A decision on whether to abandon or re-establish Rabaul will need to consider balancing the risk to residents with the economic and social upheavals that could result. The explosive eruption of magma, ash, gas and rocks had a significant environmental and socio-economic impact on the Rabaul area. Due to the prevailing South to Southeast winds, ash up to 75 centimetres in depth as well as poisonous gas affected the Rabaul area when Vulcan and Tavuruur erupted explosively (see Fig. 7 & 10). Whilst farmlands to the south [evidenced in the 3-D aspect sketch by Mr Raward] avoided the ash and gas due to the wind direction, had the eruption occurred between November and April, this highly acidic material may well have destroyed these farmlands. The risk of lahar and subsequent flooding is ever present if rain is added to this ash. Collapse of buildings has already occurred as a result of ash build up. The harbour also suffered sedimentation loads from the ash (see Fig. 5). This has a significant impact on the island’s capacity to trade and move its farm stock. Coupled with this impact is the possibility that further destruction of low-lying a reas could occur if tsunami activity is present. There is evidence in Figure 10 that â€Å"tidal waves† have entered the town. Although it is not clear as to what is meant by this, it may well be the flooding from sedimentation in the harbour, local rivers, or even tsunami activity from offshore tremors. Loss of viable farmland, landlessness, job loss, looting of local businesses and the cost to rebuild are just some of the socio-economic impacts of such a disaster. A decision to re-site Rabaul to the western end of New Britain minimises risk to residents but will have a significant impact socially and economically on the community. Residents will face inevitable debt, farmers and the community will have to rebuild their lives in a new place, resulting in significant economic and social stress for the people of Rabaul. International aid cannot be guaranteed so costs could become extreme. Without a protected harbour, the settlement will have limited ability to trade and move produce. Nevertheless, safety of residents can be guaranteed as this area is not volcanic. Re-establishment of damaged sections of Rabaul will result in less socio economic upheaval than a proposal to re-site. Nevertheless, residents will face a greater risk if they remain in Rabaul, as the volcano is in an active phase. A proposal to re-establish is socially sustainable given that it contains safe guards including interest free loans and

A Selection of Quotes by Julius Kambarage Nyerere

A Selection of Quotes by Julius Kambarage Nyerere Julius Kambarage Nyerere was a well-known politician and activist who served as the president of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985. Though a controversial individual, his efforts as a politician resulted in his status of being the Father of the Nation. He died at the age of 77 in 1999. Quotes In Tanganyika we believe that only evil, Godless men would make the color of a mans skin the criteria for granting him civil rights. The African is not Communistic in his thinking; he is, if I may coin an expression, communitary. Having come into contact with a civilization which has over-emphasized the freedom of the individual, we are in fact faced with one of the big problems of Africa in the modern world. Our problem is just this: how to get the benefits of European society, benefits that have been brought about by an organization based upon the individual, and yet retain Africans own structure of society in which the individual is a member of a kind of fellowship. We, in Africa, have no more need of being converted to socialism than we have of being taught democracy. Both are rooted in our past, in the traditional society which produced us. No nation has the right to make decisions for another nation; no people for another people. In Tanzania, it was more than one hundred tribal units which lost their freedom; it was one nation that regained it. If a door is shut, attempts should be made to open it; if it is ajar, it should be pushed until it is wide open. In neither case should the door be blown up at the expense of those inside. You dont have to be a Communist to see that China has a lot to teach us in development. The fact that they have a different political system than ours has nothing to do with it. [A] man is developing himself when he grows, or earns, enough to provide decent conditions for himself and his family; he is not being developed if someone gives him these things. ...intellectuals have a special contribution to make to the development of our nation, and to Africa. And I am asking that their knowledge, and the greater understanding that they should possess, should be used for the benefit of the society of which we are all members. If real development is to take place, the people have to be involved. We can try to cut ourselves from our fellows on the basis of the education we have had; we can try to carve our for ourselves an unfair share of the wealth of the society. But the cost to us, as well as to our fellow citizens, will be very high. It will be high not only in terms of satisfactions forgone, but also in terms of our own security and well-being. To measure a countrys wealth by its gross national product is to measure things, not satisfactions. Capitalism is very dynamic. It is a fighting system. Each capitalist enterprise survives by successfully fighting other capitalist enterprises. Capitalism means that the masses will work, and a few people, who may not labor at all, will benefit from that work. The few will sit down to a banquet, and the masses will eat whatever is left over. We spoke and acted as if, given the opportunity for self-government, we would quickly create utopias. Instead injustice, even tyranny, is rampant.

Concept of Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concept of Self - Essay Example The self develops out of a conversation, by using symbols. Mead was responsible for developing the concept of symbolic interaction, the most important factor in human social relationships. Symbolic interaction consists of interpretation, that is, comprehension of the meaning of other person's actions. The foundation of cooperation is social relations and it relies on the communication process in which meanings are conveyed. Non-symbolic interactions are those in which partners respond to each other's actions directly. Mead emphasized that the interactions and even cooperation, as seen in animals is purely biological. As against this, humans can interpret and mutually define their actions, rather than just reacting to them. In Mead's opinion, human thought, experience and conduct are essentially social. Human beings interact with each other in terms of symbols; the most important of which are contained in language. Without symbols, humans will not interact and therefore no human society. Mead was of the opinion that animals respond through gestures, but their interactions are unconscious and non-rational. Only human beings are capable of abstract thinking. The human mind can have inner conversation and adopt an attitude towards oneself. Human cognition has a symbolic nature. Animals, according to Mead, do not possess this ability, for they do not possess self. AccoAccording to Mead, self distinguishes humans from the world of nature. He distinguished two aspects of self: subjective I and objective Me. I is responsible for interpretative reactions towards social stimuli. This aspect is responsible for creativity, spontaneity, and unpredictability at times. I is the basis of self-image. The me aspect is the social self, developed in accordance with other people's views and expectations. This social fact is what separates human beings from animals. Views of H.Blumer - The Interacting Self Blumer opined that human interaction is influenced by symbols, interpretation, or addition of significance to other humans' actions. He maintained that symbolic interaction is typically human field of operation. He said that the mental and cognitive aspect of constructing meanings excludes both interaction between human and nonhuman animals and interaction between nonhuman animals themselves. According to Blumer, a human being can be an object of his own action. He can act toward himself and guide himself toward others on the basis of the object he is to himself. This process involves a selection of the objects considered relevant for the individual and an appropriate handling of the meanings of those objects. As against Mead, Blumer stresses on the I side of the self. This I is built socially, as it is a result

Book of Daniel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Book of Daniel - Research Paper Example The Commencing of counting according to the text is in the year 458 BC, which is the seventh year of the King Artaxerxes of Persia. The king, during this year, issues an order that Ezra begins his journey to Jerusalem on the first day of the first month. According to  current calendars, it would be 8th of April1. The beginning of the Christian The Christian era began soon after 457 years and nine months of this time. At around the time of 26 AD, John the Baptist  starts his assigned ministry and he baptizes Jesus who later the same year began his ministry too. The prophecy dictates that the Messiah or the anointed one’s killing would be on the seventieth week or after three and a half years. During this time, the city and the temple of Jerusalem would face destruction. Daniel was a captive of Babylon since 606 BC before he came an understanding that the captivity would last 70 years while reading Jeremiah’s prophecies. As Daniel was praying for the restoration and r edeeming of his people, the Angel of the Lord came to him and made it clear the exact time of the long- awaited Messianic Kingdom. The following is a detailed verse-to-verse, word-to-word explanation of the prophecy of the coming of the Messiah2. Verse 24 states that, â€Å"Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and  thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and anoint the most holy.† The verse specifically reveals that time of accomplishment of the prophecy is 70 weeks. The number seventy is very symbolic in this text and not just a number. First, seventy is a multiple of ten and according to Genesis 31:7 signifies completeness. Secondly, seven is a number that signifies divine perfection as stated in Genesis 2:3. The punishment of sin being the suffering for 70 years and response to Peters question on Forgiveness that we s hould forgive until 70 times is a major theme in this verse. It is clear that transgression and sin will be common until the emergence of the Messianic Kingdom. According to the Hebrews, the word week meant years or weeks of days (Shabuim Yomim). Therefore, seventy weeks meant 70 times 7 or 490 years until fulfilment. Only Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled the prediction of a holy ruler in a perfect kingdom. His own people or those of the Anointed One (Acts 10:38) and the Holy one are his children, and the fruit of his travail on the cross. Through free justification by Grace and anointment under the new covenant, they become just as righteous as he is (I John 3:5-7). The spotless Lamb slain before the world began (Revelation 13:8), who from the beginning to the end of this world, all sin-ended, reconciliation and atonement achieved, Abraham rejoiced on seeing (John 8:56). According to Hebrews 3:1 the holy brethren or otherwise referred to as saints in Romans 1:7 comprise the true temple of God (I Corinthians 3:16, 17) that is also the body of Christ according to Ephesians 1:22 and 233. Coming of Messiah In verse 25, â€Å"Know, therefore, and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be

Human Resource Management: Case Study of Argos

Human Resource Management: Case Study of Argos The utilization of people within an organisation called human resource for that organisation. And when the management of the organisations discuss the function that focus on recruitment, performance management and providing direction for the people called human resource management. Importance: Human resource management is a practice for dealing with the nature of employment relationship of the decisions, actions and issues that related to the organisation. Also human resource management is a legal practice between the organisation and the employee. The most important site of the human resource management discuss are given below: The use of planning The design and management of personal system for employee policy and man power strategy. Human resource management activities and policies to business strategy. Seeing the people of the organisation as a strategic resource for achieving competitive advantage. Apply the government policies in business term. Discretion and Business Ethics. Focus on employees and management. Make an employee trust under management policies. Make a safe and fairness environment for employees. Improve the employee under HR function. Work with team performance. 1.2. Purpose of Human Resource Management activities in Argos ltd: BACKGROUND: Argos is a unique multichannel catalogue retailer recognised for choice, value and convenience. Who also has known as largest general goods retailer with over 1000 stores throughout the UK and Republic of Ireland. FOUNDER: The Company founded by Richard Tompkins in July 1973. MISSION STATEMENT: Argos mission statement is we provide our customers with the best value for money through the most convenient shopping experience. OBJECTIVE: Argos is selling large scale of small electronics and toys. They are also sale large amount of household goods and jewellery. Human resource exists in any size of organisation and human resource management is very much important for profitable and non profitable sector of an organisations. The purpose of human resource management is describing below under analysing the Argos human resource management analysis: Recruitment the best employees For employees payroll system Employees training and development purpose Identify the organisational legal policy and regulation For ensuring the best work environment that safe and fair for everyone For the time management For the personal cost planning Improve the management skills Make good labour relations. 1.2. The contribution of strategic human resource management for achieving the objectives of Argos: Human resource management help to develop the organisational important sectors by planning, staffing, direction, controlling and organising to achieve the organisational objectives. Human resource management of Argos ltd is carrying an effective impact for achieving the objectives as a well known multinational company. The human resource management of Argos exist in different sectors of business, are explaining below: (a) Staffing: there are two functions in the staffing that mostly use in the Argos strategy Human resource planning: In this section human resource management first do the job analysis and make a clear vision about the job and position description, then evaluate job requirement for the for the followers. Recruitment and select the employees: Human resource management make a selection process, identify the talent, select the talent and motivate them for the role of the organisations. (b) Training: In this stage human resource management identify the assessment that need to improve and find out a way of processing with using some effective methods of analysis like competency mapping and gap analysis for the training process. (c) Development: Human resource management identify the potential assessment based on the training process. Then make a development process for the potential assessment that already receives. (d) Career planning: On the base of the development processes human resource management help to make a career planning by using talent management, which help to make an effective career path management. (e) Motivation: In this process human resource management make an appropriate appraisal system to motivate the followers, where followers get the knowledge about benefits, compensations and rewards. (f) Maintenance: Human resource management carrying a significant role in this sector, where human resource management handling some part of human resource are describing bellow: Communication: Human resource management use the appropriate way to make a communication between management and followers, directly and indirectly. Human resource management also work for customers, societies, government etc, thats why human resource management maintaining two way communication. Health and safety: human resource management make an effective design and implementing of health schemes with creating awareness and system for safe working environment. Relations of follower: Human resource management make a strong relationship to follow the policies and procedures with establishing fairness. Legalities: In this stage describe the legal issue of the organisation, knowledge about unions, legalities related employment, health and safety etc. Policy and regulation Training and development Payroll Recruitment Organisation and HR Legalities Cost Planning Time Management Work Environment On the basis of the Argos human resource management strategy analysis it can be said that, by using the proper knowledge of human resource management Argos carrying a good reputation that help to achieve the objectives in an effective way. 2.1. The business factors that underpin human resource planning in Tesco: Human resource planning contribute the knowledge of human resource for a business decision to provide guidelines for cost control, develop a managers planning, to develop productivity and efficiency by using maximum utilization of human resource. Tesco business factors that support human resource planning: The business factors of human resource planning are given below by the analysing the strategy of Tesco. Strategies and objectives Current business position and report of market fluctuations by doing market research. Business structure. Manpower requirements with accuracy of forecasting. Identify the talent internally and externally. Cultural development. Maintain the time of positioning with talents. Effective training and development for the resources. Human resource planning help to understand the organisational mission, objectives, goals and strategic requirements to achieve the effective target by accessing the existing human resource and their skills and contribution of workforce. Human resource planning provides the knowledge for future business planning and estimate requirement of resources and manpower. Human resource planning work for some additional or depletion demand of human resource such as make an estimate numbers of possible workers, employees transfer one unit to another, sometimes the depletion comes from resignations, dismissals, retirements, continuous illnesses, deaths etc. These part sometimes under control and sometimes there is no way to control. Human resource planning studying to find out the sources to supply manpower, make a way to recruit. Then human resource management use some selection and improvement process for an effective role in specific part of the organisation. 2.2. The human resource requirements in an organisational situation: The human resource requirements on the basis of the situation come through the personal requirements such as skills, experience, qualifications etc, where identify what skills, knowledge are requires for doing the job well. Qualification: knowledge about the specific subject by the numbering or grading from the recognised awarding organisations, which make a clear and accurate vision to identify organisational objectives for professional career. It helps to get the knowledge about confidential manner and time management. Skills: There are many kinds of skills. The personal skills that make confident for an opportunities. The skills, capabilities and attributes can come through many ways like community involvement, workshop, from the life experience, from study etc. Skills that identify the personal strengths and talents. The human resource requirement comes through two factors that are internal and external factors. For example internal factors work with labour requirement, skill requirement etc and external factors work with demand for labour, government policies etc. By analysing Tesco human resource management strategy their most current requirement explaining below: Skills requirement: identify the skills requirement and develop these requirements is very much important to an organisation for the competitive market place. The skills that require for the Tesco business improvement are given below: Organising and planning. Communication. Team work. Learning. Problem solving. Improve the knowledge of technology. Knowledge of self management. Counselling. Knowledge of planning. Government policies: The human resource strategy remains in government policy, which makes a standard system for monitoring legal issues, policies and develops the human resource plan. Employment, training, education, industrial, labour market competition etc these are under government policies. Employment: now a days globalisation has increased the competition for the employment. So in this competitive market place need some effective skills for supporting to get a job, and this is under government policy to improve the skills of countries human resource to provide training, proper education etc. Labour market competition: In the current market situation labour competition is very high for the credit crunch and globalisation. So government need to use the proper human resource planning for handling the situation, where need to create new job market and make a strong vision for profit for reducing labour market competition. 2.3. Develop human resource planning for Tesco: Human resource planning is very much needed for recruitment process, retention, employee development etc. There are some steps for the development of human resource planning is describing below: Strong knowledge about the business strategy of Tesco: Understand the key driving forces of business. For example the markets, competition, technology, distribution etc. Understand the implications of driving forces for the followers of the business. Identify the people contribution for the business performance. Develop a mission of Tesco: Good knowledge to make an appropriate way to develop a mission for future. To use the followers contribution. Conduct SWOT analysis: Identify the strengths and weaknesses by using SWOT analysis. Work for the weaknesses point considering the current skill and capability. Create an effective and proper plan by the considering present situation. Arrange the details of the human resource analysis: Knowledge about the organisational culture, people, human resource systems and the types of organisation. Improve the resource which are exists. Develop the manpower requirement systems: Create an effective way to improve the recruitment process. Provide the proper training. Employees re-skilling as an improvement scheme. Employee development for business develops. Margining and solution: Develop the managerial action and elaborate for the important steps of existing assumptions. Development for the organisation. Develop the communication. Employee rewarding systems develop. Develop the system of manpower planning. Develop the action plans and create an effective way to delivering in future. The utilization and the development of the human resource can develop a human resource plan for any organisation. 2.4. Human resource plan can contribute to meeting for the objective of Tesco: Human resource management is an approach for an organisation to personnel management that work for the employees and communicate with the employees, increase the commitment and identify the organisational objectives. Human resource planning is the body of shape, function and policies for working environment, and controlling the relationship with the employees, which are very much important for developing the Tesco strategic management process in future. Tesco grow their business strategy and made their position no 1 retailer in the market place of United Kingdom under report of (Poulter, S.2005). The report considers the human resource management as the purpose of contribution to the objective of Tesco. Tesco contribute the training programs for the employee to get the bigger picture for the business objectives. This model ensures to identify objectives of human resource management for employees training purpose, transfer the knowledge and handling the current business situations. The implement of Tesco for the human resource plan are describing below: Training employees: training methods are the key contributions and one of the effective purposes to growth the organisation and this organisational growth depend on employees. Human resource management help to provide a proper guidance for the employees to enable the good performance with efficiency. Transfer the knowledge: This technique help to adopt the globalisation economy for making strong conception to the employees. The skills or knowledge transfer with rewarding employees help to motivate them for effective growth. Situational handling: Human resource management help to point out the organisational key factors that trained and award in situational leadership for adapting the employees in an effective way. The employees would be facing different situation and gain different kinds of idea. So understand all this situations the situational leadership need to provide a proper guidance. A policy of human resource is the creation of the organisational objectives among the people that create an effective strategy for the organisation. The effective strategy provides team building activities, contribution training for the growth, and plan for the achieving targets. By using this methods Tesco has build their own strategy around the human resource management and using the contribution of employees for getting the bigger picture of Tesco. This enables to grow the current business position, where the knowledge based on human resources providing additional training and enable the creativity of unique approach for brand positioning. So study on proper human resource management in effectively business plan of Tesco achieved the no 1 position as a retail company in the United Kingdom. 3.1. The purpose of human resource management policies in Tesco: Human resource management works with business patterns, activities, partners, people etc. The human resource management purposes are Recruiting the best employees. Paying employees. Training and development. The organisational legal policy and regulation. Ensuring the best work environment. Time management Cost planning Health and safety Legalities Recruitment: human resource management help to provide job and position description, identify the talents, select the talents and motivate them in Tesco recruitment process. Paying employees: human resource management an effective way for payroll system with respecting the government policy related this sector. Training and development: human resource management identify the assessments of the improvement and process these using some effective methods. Career planning: in this stage human resource management identify a good career planning With provides all training and facilities. Health and safety: human resource management design and effective way of implementing the health schemes for the awareness of safe working environment. Policy and regulation: in this stage human resource management discuss about the legal policies and organisational regulation under terms and conditions. Work environment: human resource management ensure a fair and friendly working environment under different responsibility. Legalities: human resource management help to make a conception about legal issue, knowledge about unions, employment legalities etc. 3.2. Impact of regulatory requirement on human resource policies in Tesco: Human resource management is regulating the HR policy of requirements such as pay, equality, discrimination, contractual terms and condition, data protection, employment rights and responsibilities etc under the government law. The regulatory work of human resource management in different sections of Tesco business strategy is given below: Legal framework about pay: human resource management work for right payroll systems and monitors carefully about wedges under rules and it is in Wages Act of the payment 1936 Wages Act (minimum) 1936 Equal Remuneration Act 1976 Bonus Act of the payment 1965 Legal employment rights and responsibility: human resource management strongly work for the all legal issues and laws and carries a significant role for the human rights under the law of The Factories Act 1948 The Employees Provident Fund Act 1952 Rates of Contribution PF, Pension, Insurance Employees State Insurance Act 1948 Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 The Workmens Compensation Act 1923 The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 Discrimination: human resource management work to make sure a fair and the same level of rights for all gender of sex and cultural discrimination for an organisational structure under rules of Sex discrimination Act 1995/ 1997 Employment rights Act 1996 Impact of the regulatory on human resource management: HRM work with wide range of issue in an organisation Impact Human resource management activities on payroll system are explaining below Under the minimum wages Act 1936: Human resource management make sure the regulation of payment of wages by employer. Protect workers from irregular payment from the management. Work for the loss or damage of employee. Help to make an advances, loans, tax payable, and deduction under court order. Under the payment of wages Act 1936 Maintain the proper regulation by fixing a date of payment Under payment of bonus Act 1965 Make sure bonus and basic payment Minimum bonus 8.33% and maximum will be up to 20% Paid within eight months. Under the equal remuneration Act 1976 Make sure the equal payment for man and women Proper recruitment, promotion and no gender discrimination in payment. Skill, effort, responsibility under similar condition. 4.1. Impact of Sainsburys structure in human resource management: There are so many theories that make an effective conception about organisational structure. Weber theories: Max Weber gave an effective theories about organisational structure based on bureaucracy, power and control. Weber explained the organisational process, control and distinguished between authority and power by defining the responsibility; where he said that authority exist with legitimacy of the power by the rules. Mintzberg theories: According to professor Henry Mintzberg organisations has five main parts Operating care: Make a regulatory work directly with production of products and service Strategic apex: Identify the mission of strategic and deliver in an effective way and also control the people by using power. Middle-line managers: Work with strategic apex and operating the mission by the use of delegated formal authority. Tech no structure: An analyst who work for identifying the organisational objectives and the work relation with people. Design, change and preplanning the way of development. Provide training to the people. Support staff: This is an exist unit that support staff to provide training and operating working flow to achieve the goal. Human resource management is carrying a significant and an effective impact for any organisational structure. By analysing the above theories the organisational structure means the way of people are organised. The structure of Sainsburys strategy is culture, service, job satisfaction, customer relation, projects etc. These all sectors have a unique part of human resource management. 4.2. The impact of Sainsburys culture on the management of human resources: The culture consists to share the value of an organisation. The organisational Act with perfectly by proper using the strength of a culture. There are some theories available for the organisational culture, one of the theories known as Gods of management by Handy. Handy classify the organisations into four parts, where the culture depend on organisation structure, history, technology, environment etc. The four cultures he classifies are Power culture Role culture Task culture and People culture Power culture: Handy describe the power culture as a web, where he reflects the concentration the power of family owned business, which is strictly showing the responsibility of family members given to personalities rather than expertise to create power structure of the web. Power culture has some significant role such as decision making, create situations etc. The role culture: describe as a Greek temple, where apex of temple using for decision making and the pillars of the temple are carrying the functional units of the organisation. The role culture works with job descriptions, procedures, rules and systems of the organisation. The task culture: task culture much more dynamic than others because it involved in extensive research and development activities. This is a changeable culture depend on situation and identify the future needs. Task culture has close connection between departments, communication and integration, functions and specialities. The person culture: is characteristic of the model of management, where the individuals of the structure make a path for objectives. This is not the appropriate culture for business strategy, may be suitable for self-help group. Sainsburys culture: organisational culture field of the idea, which explaining the Sainsburys culture sectors such as experience, attitudes, personal and cultural values, psychology and beliefs of an organisation. The culture of an organisation related with the unique configuration which are describing values, beliefs, norms, behaviours and the function of the manner of groups and individuals that help to complete the job role. The concepts the organisational culture make external environment awareness with the people in the workplace. In this point the significant knowledge of the business which have particular collective and interactive needs of human capital. Human resource management help to expansion the on-going businesses to use the existing cultures and resources. Then establish the human resource function to monitoring the human capital culture. Human resource management is very much needed for the exploratory stage of the business for investigation, data gathered from semi-structure etc. 4.3. The effectiveness of human resource management is monitored in Sainsbury: Human resource management is a strategic approach for the organisational performance which involves with designing and implementing policies, practices and human capitals such as employee, collective knowledge, skills, behaviours etc for achieving the Sainsburys business objectives. Effectiveness of human resource management in technical and strategic sectors of Sainsbury: human resource management work for an effective way to approval of the organisational activities that socially constructed environments. Human resource management make an expectation for behaviour with legitimacy in the stakeholders. Human resource management identify the stakeholders activities to spread throughout the organisation. External stakeholders include government who regulate the employment practice and this is under human resource management activities. HRM works in an organisation through the stakeholders expectation such as recruitment, selection, performance, employee training, compensation, benefit and strategic development. So HRM carries the occupational specializations by reflecting the high level of knowledge in organisational programs with judging the effectiveness. HRM suggest for improvement of human capital with the competitive advantage based on organisational resources. The competitive advantage of human capital helps to improve the production process by the human resource. HRM makes an extra approach for strategic development of talent which reflecting an effective designs, empowerment, long-term competitors strengths and weaknesses for making the unique pool of human capital. 4.4. Justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resource management in Sainsbury: HRM help to change the business patterns in an effective way of developing performance. Improve the effectiveness of HRM in Sainsbury come through strategy and performance development. The effective criteria of strategic patterns development are describing below: Operation by manager activities: Improve the employee attitudes. Improve the organisational culture to the employees. Improve the procedures and policies. Improve cultural related HR programs. Rewarding employees based on performance and behaviours. Stakeholders activities: Identify the business development issue applying HR strategy methods of stakeholders. Develop the leaders in new generation. Identify the new business strategy, discussing the critical HR metrics. Redesigning the structure for improving strategic objectives. Identify the talent that need for the improvement of business. Emergency responder activities: Work with different situation. Instant respond for current needs. Instant respond for the managers problematic issues. Respond for the employee and manager needs. Employee relationship activities: Sort out the employee competition issues under organisational environment. Handling the conflicts between the employees. Handling the conflicts between the managers. Skills participate for the organisational changes. Solve the political problems for the business development plans.

Nature Based Therapy

Introduction Nature based therapy is not a new concept, our well – being and association with nature is part of the never-ending human quest of who were are and just where is our place in this vast environment which surrounds us. In order to better grasp the topic of nature based therapy or ecotherapy, studies consulted were those pertaining to our connection with nature and our wellbeing. Just how does nature connectedness affect our experiencing of a good life is the subject of the first paper reviewed, by Howell, J. A. , Dopko, R. L. , Passmore, H. , Buro, K. (2011).The second paper by Jordan & Marshall (2010) describes a the changes to the traditional therapy frame in a the uncertain environment of the outdoors. In taking therapy outside, we work with nature as one of the variables in the therapeutic relationship. The integrative, often experiential approach of nature- based therapy or ecotherapy, is gaining rapid ground in the field of counselling and psychotherapy. My fi nal research paper aims at looking further into this growing field and how it can help those suffering from anxiety, burnout and depression. Article Review A Howell, J. A. , Dopko,R. L. Passmore, H. , Buro, K. (2011). Nature connectedness: Associations with well- being and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51 (2), 166-171. Howell, Dopko, Passmore and Buro (2011) delve deeply into the question of our connectedness with nature and how it can be measured as a reflection of our mental well- being. The authors, all from the Grant MacEwen University in Edmonton Alberta conducted two empirical studies evidencing this association with data demonstrating that connection to nature may be more beneficial to our emotional and social well- being that previously realized.Drawing from the Biophilia hypothesis argued by Harvard evolutionary biologist E. O Wilson in 1984, that human beings have an instinctive, emotional and genetic need to be in contact with nature, Howell et al. , thus hypothesize that â€Å"higher levels of nature connectedness would be associated with higher levels of well-being and with greater mindfulness. † Many studies have been conducted on the subject with various results. Howell et al. , describe a study conducted by Mayer and Franz in 2004 which showed a â€Å"significant correlation between trait nature connectedness and life satisfaction† (p. 66). They are careful to define the word trait and provide a seemingly through review of the qualitative variables in current literature, discussing the changes in definition of well- being by various theorists (Nisbert, Zelenski and Murphy, 2011). The team from Alberta builds upon current research by probing further into the question of the â€Å"whether trait nature connectedness was associated with feeling well †¦ and with functioning well †¦ as well as the relations among nature connectedness and a second index of positive mental health, mindfulness† (p. 6 7). Howell et al. , review a large amount of research, define terminology and uncover new holes in the theories, they then go on to pose the hypotheses: â€Å"are higher levels of nature connectedness associated both with higher levels of well being and with greater mindfulness? † Methodology Howell et al. , conducted two studies using quantitative methods. In the first study, data was collected from 452 university students, primarily female, with â€Å"81. 1% identifying Canada as their country of birth† (p. 167).Using a variety of questionnaires including Mayer and Franz (2004) 14- item Connectedness to Nature Scale, Keyes' (2005) 40- item, measure of well being and Brown ; Ryan's (2003) Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MASS). In order to ensure objectivity of results, Howell et al. , balanced these scales by using Paulhus's (1994) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding which serves to filter out â€Å"unintentionally inflated self-descriptions and impression management† (p 168). In the second study 275 students participated, all students of similar age and demographic as thefirst study.Howell et al. , used a few of the same questionnaires adding the Allo-Inclusive Identity Scale (Leary, Tipsord ; Tate, 2008) as well as the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PMS) (Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, Farrow, 2008). In an attempt to provide consistency and validity to the results, Howell et al. , provide succinct definitions and examples for some of the questions on these scales in order that the reader better understand the subtle differences in the descriptive statistics of the variables.Results Variables such as connectedness to nature, nature relatedness, allo inclusive identity, emotional well being, psychological well being, social well being, MAAS, PMS awareness and PMS acceptance showed correlations between nature connectedness and well being. Descriptive statistics were measured and then correlated among variables using confi rmatory factor analysis (CFA). Howell et al. , also provided models with hypothesized correlations between nature connectedness, well -being and mindfulness.In the first study â€Å"associations between nature connectedness and well- being and between well- being and mindfulness were significant; however, the association between nature connectedness and mindfulness was not† (p. 168). In the second study , correlations were significant with respect to psychological and social and emotional well being and with the added test scores added to the soup, nature connectedness was found to be significantly correlated to mindfulness. Discussion Howell et al. are satisfied with their consistent findings and that most results of their two studies support their hypothesis and suggest that † nature connectedness is associated with the extent to which people are flourishing in their private, personal lives† (p. 170). Howell et al. do admit that some of the findings were inconsi stent with their hypothesis and that future research could examine â€Å"moderators and mediators of the relationship between nature connectedness and mental health† (p. 170).They go onto discuss future research possibilities and challenges, including how nature could be incorporated into other activities to produce maximum therapeutic results. Howell et al. , produced convincing research into the relationship between connectedness to nature and well being. They took into account multiple scales of affect in order to collect their results and carefully described their differences and their impact on the final results. I feel their downfall is in their sample size and demographic and suspect results may be different depending on age and culture.Perhaps new rating scales would need to be developed in order to reflect these differences. Essentially, nature can benefit us all and regardless of the outcome being present within a natural environment will help you learn to experienc e the moment and perhaps even a renewed vitality in life. Article Review B Jordan, M. , ; Marshall, H. , (2010). Taking counselling and psychotherapy outside: Destruction or enrichment of the therapeutic frame? European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 12 (4), 345-359We all know that nature can help us feel better, but just how can we take a traditional therapeutic frame outdoors? What would be the challenges and what is the potential of this upcoming field of ecotherapy? Ecotherapy represents â€Å"a new form of psychotherapy that acknowledges the vital role of nature and addresses the human nature relationship† (p. 354) Martin Jordan and Hayley Marshall use relational therapy concepts in order to investigate mutuality and asymmetry and how they may be experienced differently in the great outdoors.Both Jordan ;Marshall are practicing registered psychotherapists and by using their own experiences, they explore both the successes and challenges to the traditional fram ework of a therapeutic session. Jordan ; Marshall address many fundamental questions including how confidentiality would be addressed in public settings and how timing or the therapeutic session is affected by practicing counselling and psychotherapy outside. They believe that the challenges to the traditional framework could be sorted out between client and therapist and in fact become part of the process .A flexible contract could be drawn up, one open to change. Jordan ; Marshall are careful to provide several definitions of a therapeutic frame, from eh uber- conservative â€Å"Psychotherapy should be carried out in a soundproof consulting room, in a private office in a professional building† (Langs 1982), to â€Å"being seen as a transgression or a dual relationship for the therapist† (Zur 2001). But there are others who believe that the therapeutic boundary should be a dynamic process (Hermansson, 1997) or that the flexibility in the frame is an opportunity for â €Å"deepening the therapeutic work and relationship† (Bridges, 1999).Jordan ; Marshall seem to be covering all bases with their own summary of a therapeutic boundaries,† Working outdoors can throw new light on these traditionally more fixed ideas concerning boundaries and invite an increasingly flexible perspective on issues concerning power and mutuality within the therapeutic relationship† (p. 347). They examine the changes in client therapist relationships and how mutuality must not be equated with equality in terms of the therapeutic relationship. Jordan ; Marshall are not prescribing a recipe for therapy outdoors nor are they saying therapy is better outdoors.Their goal with this paper is to present their experiential findings and observations regarding the challenges various forms of outdoor therapy impart on the traditional therapeutic frame as well as on the relationship between therapist and client. Methodology The qualitative method devised to learn more about the impacts of taking the therapeutic frame outdoors was simple. Jordan ; Marshall began to hold sessions outdoors with their existing clients. They used two types of interactions outdoors: 1. taking the traditional therapeutic frame of one hour into ‘ nearby nature' and 2. aking clients on excursions where the frame is extended to over a weekend or more. Relational theory concepts were used in order to better understand how the traditional frame of psychotherapy elements such as â€Å"confidentiality and timing of therapeutic work, weather, containment and power dynamics† (p. 347), would be challenged by unpredictable natural environment. The variables of mutuality and asymmetry were also studied in terms of the expanding boundaries in the client – therapist relationship. One case study (in two parts) is presented in order to better grasp the challenges and potential of nature – based therapy.Results Jordan ; Marshall found many potential challenge s in taking the therapeutic frame outdoors. In particular, they found that the boundaries between client and therapist, could become challenged. The outdoors provided a neutral environment which fostered mutuality but maintaining some asymmetry in the relationship could be difficult. In taking this frame outdoors, Jordan ; Marshall also found that the structure of the frame itself may need to be reshaped and become more flexible; perhaps the frame becomes an open process, rather than an ultimate set of rules.They also found that sometimes the unpredictability of the environment created more anxiety, both in the client and the therapist and that the establishment of a therapeutic container or the ‘building of a home in nature' (Berger, 2006) was successful in overcoming some of these obstacles. Discussion The purpose of Jordan ; Marshall's paper was to provide information on the potential and challenges of taking traditional therapy practice outdoors. Jordan & Marshall consulte d a vast reference list including one of the founders of nature- based therapy, Ronen Berger and this provided interesting insight into this emerging field.At times the paper felt disorganized and the case presentation split in two halves was confusing. Results were scattered throughout the paper and the methodology was vague and seemingly structureless. Nevertheless, Jordan & Marshall got to the gist of the subject and were honest with their results, reporting their own struggles with mutuality and asymmetry when taking clients outside of the traditional hour long frame; â€Å"both clients and therapists can experience a blurring of the boundaries between what is therapy and what is social space† (p357).Jordan & Marshall did not however, provide much data as to how many clients they had seen and under what circumstances. Their observations are keen and easily related to when thinking about the traditional therapeutic frame, nevertheless a concrete chart or model, using the r elational as well as other theories or approaches, would have been welcome and interesting. ConclusionOverall I found both these articles fascinating and extremely pertinent to my final research paper. Simply being present within a natural environment can help us feel better. Perhaps when taking therapy outdoors and as nature becomes a dynamic third in the therapeutic relationship, the traditional frame will come alive with an emergent creativity and mindfulness nudging us all towards our own true nature.